Reference Oscillation Module
At its core is a 32,768 Hz quartz crystal oscillator; utilizing the piezoelectric effect to generate a stable, high-frequency reference signal, it determines the timer's overall accuracy.
Frequency Division Module
Uses multi-stage divide-by-two circuits to convert the 32,768 Hz high-frequency signal into a standard 1 Hz pulse, serving as the minimum unit of time for measurement.
Counting Module
Composed of counters with varying bases: seconds and minutes use a base-60 cyclic count, while hours use a base-24 or base-12 count, accumulating pulses to digitally track elapsed time.
Decoding and Driving Module
Converts the BCD output from the counters into seven-segment control signals to illuminate the corresponding segments of the digital display; in common-anode displays, digits are formed by controlling the switching of individual cathodes.
Function Control Module
Integrates logic circuits for functions such as start, pause, reset, and preset; it can trigger actions-such as audible or visual alerts-when a set time is reached.
